Psychometric Properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in an Argentine Sample
Abstract
Mindfulness-based interventions have proliferated in both clinical and non-clinical contexts in recent years, as has scientific research investigating their effectiveness. To date, numerous questionnaires have been developed for measuring state and trait mindfulness. Very few, however, have been validated within non-English speaking populations, in which mindfulness is now increasingly of interest. In this regard, this study examined the psychometric properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire for a Spanish-speaking sample from Argentina. Reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity scores were acceptable and in line with previous studies. Using CFA techniques, the results show a reduction in the scale to 22-items and suggest that the sub-scale of non-react is not a significant part of the overall self- reported mindfulness structure in an Argentine population with little meditation experience. Possible explanations and implications of these findings are discussed.References
Aguado, J., Luciano, J. V., Cebolla, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Soler, J., & GarcÃa-Campayo, J. (2015). Bifactor analysis and construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in non-clinical Spanish samples. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 404. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00404
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11, 191-206. doi: 10.1177/1073191104268029
Baer, R.A., Smith, G.T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45. doi: 10.1177/1073191105283504
Baer, R.A., Smith, G.T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan. D. & Williams, J.M.G. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329-342. doi: 10.1177/1073191107313003
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A. (1993). Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual. San Antonio: Harcourt Brace and Company.
Beck, A.T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Birrer, D., Röthlin, P., & Morgan, G. (2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: Theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness, 3(3), 235-246. doi 10.1007/s12671-012-0109-2.
Bishop, S.R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N.D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z.V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230 – 241. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.bph077
Bohlmeijer E., ten Klooster P. M., Fledderus M., Veehof M., Baer R. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in depressed adults and development of a short form. Assessment, 18, 308–320. 10.1177/1073191111408231
Bränström, R., Kvillemo, P., Brandberg, Y., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2010). Self-report mindfulness as a mediator of psychological well-being in a stress reduction intervention for cancer patients—a randomized study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 39(2), 151-161. doi: 10.1007/s12160-010-9168-6
Browne, M.W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen, K.A. and Long, J.S., (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park: Sage
Brown, K.W., & Ryan, R.M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: the development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal of Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11–34.
Burke, C. A. (2010). Mindfulness-based approaches with children and adolescents: A preliminary review of current research in an emergent field. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(2), 133-144. doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9282-x
Byrne, B. M. (1989). A Primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 23-33. doi 10.1007/s10865-007-9130-7
Casullo, M. M., & Castro Solano, A. (2000). Evaluación del bienestar psicológico en estudiantes adolescentes argentinos. Revista de PsicologÃa de la PUCP, 18(1), 36-67.
Cebolla, A., Garcia-Palacios, A., Soler, J., Guillen, V., Baños, R., et al. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(2), 118-126. doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632012000200005
Chiesa, A. & Serretti, A. (2013). Are mindfulness-based interventions effective for substance use disorders? A systematic review of the evidence. Substance use and misuse, 1-22. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2013.770027
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396. doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Christopher M., Neuser N., Michael P. & Baitmangalkar A. (2012). Exploring the psychometric properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness, 3, 124–131 10.1007/s12671-011-0086-x
Davis, K. M., Lau, M. A., & Cairns, D. R. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of a trait version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 185-197. doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.185
de Bruin, E.I., Topper, M., Muskens, J.G., Bögels, S.M. & Kamphuis, J.H. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in a meditating and non-meditating sample. Assessment, 19(2), 187-197. doi: 10.1177/1073191112446654.
Deng, Y.Q., Liu, X.H., Rodriguez, M.A. & Xia, C.Y. (2011). The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire: psychometric properties of the Chinese version. Mindfulness, 2(2), 123-128. doi: 10.1007/s12671-011-0050-9
Erkut, S. (2010). Developing multiple language versions of instruments for intercultural research. Child Development Perspectives, 4(1), 19-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00111.x.
Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau., J.P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 177–190. doi 10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8
Heeren, A., Douilliez, C., Peschard, V., Debrauwere, L., & Philippot, P. (2011). Cross-cultural consistency of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire: Adaptation and validation in a French sample. European Review of Applied Psychology, 61, 147-151. doi: 10.1016/j.erap.2011.02.001
How, Wong, Lo, Mak & Ma, H. (2014). Validation of a Chinese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Hong Kong and development of a short form. Assessment, 21 (3), 363-371. doi: 10.1177/1073191113485121
Hülsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J., Feinholdt, A., & Lang, J. W. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 310. doi: 10.1037/a0031313
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of your Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York: Dell Publishing.
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 763-771. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L. & Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto Mindfulness scale: Development and validation. Journal of clinical psychology, 62(12), 1445-1467. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20326
Lilja, J.L., Frodi-Lundgren, A., Hanse, J.J., Josefsson, T., Lundh, L.J., et al. (2011). Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire—Reliability and Factor Structure: A Swedish Version. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(4), 291-303. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2011.580367
Magán, I., Sanz, J., & GarcÃa-Vera, M. P. (2008). Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in general population. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 626-40. doi: 10.1017/S1138741600004637
Manotas, M., Segura, C., Eraso, M., Oggins, J., & McGovern, K. (2014). Association of brief mindfulness training with reductions in perceived stress and distress in Colombian health care professionals. International Journal of Stress Management, 21(2), 207. doi.org/10.1037/a0035150.
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. C., & Guarino, A. J. (2013). Performing data analysis using IBM SPSS. John Wiley & Sons.
Mola-Gubbins, A. L. (2009). Confiabilidad y validez de constructo del FFMQ en un grupo de meditadores y no meditadores [The reliability and validity of FFMQ constructs for a group of meditators and nonmeditators]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Catholic University, Lima, Peru. Retrieved from http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/bitstream/handle/123456 789/413/LORET_DE_MOLA_GUBBINS_ANA_CONFIABILIDAD_Y_V ALIDEZ_ FFMQ.pdf?sequence1
Park, T., Reilly-Spong, M. & Gross, C. (2013). Mindfulness: a systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO). Quality of Life Research, 22 (10), 2639-2659. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0395-8.
Piet, J., Würtzen, H., & Zachariae, R. (2012). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on symptoms of anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(6), 1007-1020. doi: 10.1037/a0028329.
Remor, E. (2006). Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 86-93. doi: 10.1017/S1138741600006004.
Ryff, C.D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Sanz, J., GarcÃa-Vera, M. P., Espinosa, R., Fortún, M., & Vázquez, C. (2005). Adaptación española del Inventario para la Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II): 3. Propiedades psicométricas en pacientes con trastornos psicológicos. ClÃnica y Salud.
Sanz, J. & Navarro, M.E. (2003). Propiedades psicométricas de una versión española del Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI) en estudiantes universitarios. Ansiedad y Estrés, 9(1), 59-84.
Schmidt, C. & Vinet, E. (2015). Atención Plena: Validación del Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Terapia Psicológica, 33 (2), 93-101. Doi: 10.4067/S0718-48082015000200004
Steiger, J.H. & Lind, J.C. (1980). Statistically-based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual Spring meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA.